Media Magazine reading: Billie Jean, birth of an icon
Go to our Media Magazine archive and read the case study on Billie Jean - birth of an icon (MM62 - page 20). Answer the following questions:
1) What was the budget for Billie Jean? How did this compare with later Michael Jackson videos?
The budget was $50,000, which was 6 times less than 'Beat It' which had a budget of $300,000. Thriller had a bigger budget of $2mn.
2) Why was the video rejected by MTV?
Go to our Media Magazine archive and read the case study on Billie Jean - birth of an icon (MM62 - page 20). Answer the following questions:
1) What was the budget for Billie Jean? How did this compare with later Michael Jackson videos?
The budget was $50,000, which was 6 times less than 'Beat It' which had a budget of $300,000. Thriller had a bigger budget of $2mn.
2) Why was the video rejected by MTV?
it wasn't approved by the 'middle America' audience because Michael Jackson was black. The president of the record label then threatened to take all their music videos off MTV therefore MTV allowed the video to be played.
3) Applying Goodwin's theory of music video, how does Billie Jean reflect the genre characteristics of pop music video?
The music video seems to have more of a film genre connection, as music videos were not common. It has a 1950s Hollywood musical genre setting with the city in the background. Also it has a strong film-noir connection, the detectives costume, and also it's in Black and White at the start (classic film noir). compared to modern day music videos lip-syncing and performance and narrative.
4) How do the visuals reflect the lyrics in Billie Jean?
3) Applying Goodwin's theory of music video, how does Billie Jean reflect the genre characteristics of pop music video?
The music video seems to have more of a film genre connection, as music videos were not common. It has a 1950s Hollywood musical genre setting with the city in the background. Also it has a strong film-noir connection, the detectives costume, and also it's in Black and White at the start (classic film noir). compared to modern day music videos lip-syncing and performance and narrative.
4) How do the visuals reflect the lyrics in Billie Jean?
The lyrics are in sync with the visual effects. When he mentions 'eyes were like mine', there is a still image of his eyes for a few seconds. Also the song is about Billie Jean and the pictures of the women in the Billboard changes increasing the mystery and being an enigma code on who billie jean is.
5) Why does the video feature fewer close-up shots than in most pop videos?
The main element the video focus' on is the performancee.g. dancing. Also this music video was based on film conventions such as long shot in film noir and 50s musicals which also focused on the conventions of performance and showing the setting more as opposed to close-ups of the stars during the dancing.
6) What intertextual references can be found in the video?
The detective is a reference to Film Noir, .
7) How does the video use the notion of looking as a recurring motif?
He is seen through a picture in a Polaroid camera.(pictures within pictures)
8) What representations can be found in the video? /shining
Representations of him being a Messiah like figure. Everything he touches turns into gold/shining, the homeless man with one penny is turned into a showman. There is an ongoing theme of being from the streets, there is an urban setting of dark alleyways and supernatural elements.
Close-textual analysis of the music video
1) How is mise-en-scene used to create intertextuality - reference to other media products or genres? E.g. colour/black and white; light/lighting.
It has a 1950s Hollywood musical genre setting with the city in the background and it being a fake film set like Wizard of Oz and other 40/50s musicals. Also it has a strong film-noir connection, the detectives costume, the femme fetal.
2) How does the video use narrative theory of equilibrium?
The equilibrium is Michael Jackson being chased by the detective, but in the middle of the song the narrative breaks with a performance, so this isn't traditional in any sense. The disequilibrium is the detective nearly capturing Michael in the house and taking the picture. The new equilibrium is the detective caught and Michael Jackson running away.
3) How are characters used to create narrative through binary opposition?
The homeless man is the representation of rich and poor.
4) What is the significance of the freeze-frames and split-screen visual effects?
The freeze frames match the lyrics and the narrative. The 'eyes were like mine' lyrics had a still image of his eyes. It creates this sense of reflection of what message the video is trying to come across.
5) What meanings could the recurring motif of 'pictures-within-pictures' create for the audience?Maybe that's why the detective is following him. He needs proof that Michael Jackson exists, the pictures in the shop provides further evidence that he doesn't exist, it builds the narrative.
6) Does the video reinforce or subvert theories of race and ethnicity - such as Gilroy's diaspora or Hall's black characterisations in American media?
It reinforces Hall's representation of being the performer. Also the diasporic identity crisis comes through quite strongly. The only interaction Michael has is with the homeless man. Homeless people are regarded as not having a place in society so the identity crisis link does appear here. Also the fact that Michael Jacksons performance is on the outskirts of the city, could also mean that he doesn't belong there, there is no semblance of acknowledgement that he exists.
7) Does this video reflect Steve Neale's genre theory of 'repetition and difference'? Does it reflect other music videos or does it innovate?Performance plays a big part in modern music videos, the repetition aspect connects. But also the difference is 'absolutely essential(Steven Neale)', the visual effects and still images are something that isn't used in a pop song, its a lot more quick paced.
8) Analyse the video using postmodern theory (e.g. Baudrillard's hyper-reality; Strinati's five definitions of postmodernism). How does the 'picture-in-picture' recurring motif create a postmodern reading?
Pastiche is showcased in this video. He is imitating film Noir and 50s musicals. Using pastiche proves Baurillard's point that the copy is viewed as reality than the original, this video created a pavement for other artists to use the conventions in this video like performance as a convention in their video - Daniel Chandler's conventions of context. The picture motif imitates the art and pop culture styles used in media texts.
5) Why does the video feature fewer close-up shots than in most pop videos?
The main element the video focus' on is the performancee.g. dancing. Also this music video was based on film conventions such as long shot in film noir and 50s musicals which also focused on the conventions of performance and showing the setting more as opposed to close-ups of the stars during the dancing.
6) What intertextual references can be found in the video?
The detective is a reference to Film Noir, .
7) How does the video use the notion of looking as a recurring motif?
He is seen through a picture in a Polaroid camera.(pictures within pictures)
8) What representations can be found in the video? /shining
Representations of him being a Messiah like figure. Everything he touches turns into gold/shining, the homeless man with one penny is turned into a showman. There is an ongoing theme of being from the streets, there is an urban setting of dark alleyways and supernatural elements.
Close-textual analysis of the music video
1) How is mise-en-scene used to create intertextuality - reference to other media products or genres? E.g. colour/black and white; light/lighting.
It has a 1950s Hollywood musical genre setting with the city in the background and it being a fake film set like Wizard of Oz and other 40/50s musicals. Also it has a strong film-noir connection, the detectives costume, the femme fetal.
2) How does the video use narrative theory of equilibrium?
The equilibrium is Michael Jackson being chased by the detective, but in the middle of the song the narrative breaks with a performance, so this isn't traditional in any sense. The disequilibrium is the detective nearly capturing Michael in the house and taking the picture. The new equilibrium is the detective caught and Michael Jackson running away.
3) How are characters used to create narrative through binary opposition?
The homeless man is the representation of rich and poor.
4) What is the significance of the freeze-frames and split-screen visual effects?
The freeze frames match the lyrics and the narrative. The 'eyes were like mine' lyrics had a still image of his eyes. It creates this sense of reflection of what message the video is trying to come across.
5) What meanings could the recurring motif of 'pictures-within-pictures' create for the audience?Maybe that's why the detective is following him. He needs proof that Michael Jackson exists, the pictures in the shop provides further evidence that he doesn't exist, it builds the narrative.
6) Does the video reinforce or subvert theories of race and ethnicity - such as Gilroy's diaspora or Hall's black characterisations in American media?
It reinforces Hall's representation of being the performer. Also the diasporic identity crisis comes through quite strongly. The only interaction Michael has is with the homeless man. Homeless people are regarded as not having a place in society so the identity crisis link does appear here. Also the fact that Michael Jacksons performance is on the outskirts of the city, could also mean that he doesn't belong there, there is no semblance of acknowledgement that he exists.
7) Does this video reflect Steve Neale's genre theory of 'repetition and difference'? Does it reflect other music videos or does it innovate?Performance plays a big part in modern music videos, the repetition aspect connects. But also the difference is 'absolutely essential(Steven Neale)', the visual effects and still images are something that isn't used in a pop song, its a lot more quick paced.
8) Analyse the video using postmodern theory (e.g. Baudrillard's hyper-reality; Strinati's five definitions of postmodernism). How does the 'picture-in-picture' recurring motif create a postmodern reading?
Pastiche is showcased in this video. He is imitating film Noir and 50s musicals. Using pastiche proves Baurillard's point that the copy is viewed as reality than the original, this video created a pavement for other artists to use the conventions in this video like performance as a convention in their video - Daniel Chandler's conventions of context. The picture motif imitates the art and pop culture styles used in media texts.
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